These ions trigger the final acrosomal reaction that releases the enzymes the sperm needs to work through the zona pellucida.

这些离子触发最终的顶体反应，释放精子通过透明带工作所需的酶。

Once it's past that, it runs into the zona pellucida, a layer of glycoprotein that covers the oocyte's plasma membrane.

一旦过了这个阶段，它就进入透明带，覆盖卵母细胞质膜的一层糖蛋白。

This causes a decrease in CRH and ACTH, which in turn, shuts down cortisol production from the zona fasciculata.

这会降低CRH和ACTH，反过来阻止状带制造皮质醇。

Over time, this lack of stimulation can cause zona fasciculata to physically shrink or become atrophic.

时间一长，过少的刺激会导致状带缩小或萎缩。

The excess ACTH overstimulates zona fasciculata of both adrenal glands, which grow larger and secrete excess cortisol.

过多的ACTH会过度刺激两个肾上腺的状带，使其增大并泌过多的皮质醇。

The zona thwarts the entry and fusion of more than one sperm, the smallest cell in the body.

卵细胞膜阻止了多个精子的进入和融合，这些精子是体内最小的细胞。

In both adrenal adenomas and carcinomas, the cells of the zona fasciculata within the adrenal cortex start dividing abnormally and secrete excess cortisol.

在肾上腺腺瘤和肾上腺癌中，肾上腺皮质里状带的细胞开始裂并泌过多皮质醇。

With less ACTH floating around, the zona fasciculata gets less stimulation to make cortisol, and eventually, cortisol levels go back down to the normal range again.

随着ACTH减少，状带受刺激产皮质醇减少，最后，皮质醇水平降低到正范围内。

The egg is the largest cell in the body and is protected by a thick extracellular shell of sugar and protein called the zona pellucida.

卵子是体内最大的细胞，被一层由糖和蛋白质构成的厚厚细胞外壳——透明带所保护。

Second, cortisol starts cross-reacting with mineralocorticoid receptors, which normally only binds a related steroid hormone - mineralocorticoids which are secreted from the zona glomerulosa layer of the adrenal cortex.

第二，皮质醇对盐皮质激素受体产交叉反应；此类受体一般只与一种相关的类固醇激素结合，即从肾上腺皮质的球状带层泌的盐皮质激素。

The most common primary cause is called idiopathic hyperaldosteronism, because the zona glomerulosa has an increase in the number of cells secreting aldosterone, but it's not really clear why this happens.

最见的原发性病因称为特发性醛固酮增多症：这是由于球状带泌醛固酮的细胞数量增加，但目前尚不清楚为什么会发这种情况。

In primary hyperaldosteronism, the main problem is that zona glomerulosa cells secrete high levels of aldosterone, and that aldosterone has a negative feedback effect on renin, and so it actually inhibits renin production.

在原发性醛固酮增多症中，主要问题是球状带细胞泌高水平的醛固酮；醛固酮对肾素有负反馈作用，因而实际上抑制肾素成。

The adrenal cortex is the outer part of the adrenal gland and is subdivided into three layers- the zona glomerulosa, the zona fasciculata, and the zona reticularis.

肾上腺皮质是肾上腺的外层部，皮质又为三层：球状带、状带和网状带。

All right, as a quick recap, hyperaldosteronism is the chronic, excess secretion of aldosterone from the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland, and these high aldosterone levels can lead to hypokalemia, hypernatremia, hypertension, and a metabolic alkalosis.

得！简单回顾一下：醛固酮增多症是指肾上腺球状带长期泌过多的醛固酮；这些高醛固酮水平可导致低钾血症、高钠血症、高血压与代谢性碱中毒。