Don McCullin's unsparing portraits from war zones, or the dangling body-harness of a thalidomide child.

唐·麦卡林对战争地区无情描绘，或者萨利多胺儿童悬在空中身体吊带。

In thalidomide, for example, the chiral center is a carbon atom attached to one of the rings.

例如在萨力多胺中，手性中心是一个吸附在一个结构环上碳原子。

And molecules like thalidomide are the same way.

像萨力多胺这样分子也是如此。

But in 1998, the FDA did approve thalidomide, almost forty years after rejecting it based on the birth defect problems.

但1998年，在由于先天性缺而被禁近40年后，食品及药物管理局确批准了萨力多胺使用。

Merrell executives complained that stubborn and nit-picking Kelsey was the problem, not thalidomide.

Merrell 高管们抱怨说，执和吹毛求疵凯尔西才是所在，而不是沙利度胺。

As public awareness of the thalidomide tragedy grew, the quiet scientist became a media sensation.

随着公众对沙利度胺悲剧增强，这位沉默寡言科学家成了媒体轰动人物。

Kelsey found its data on thalidomide’s absorption and toxicity inadequate.

Kelsey 发现其有关沙利度胺吸收和毒性数据不足。

In November 1961, thalidomide was pulled from the German market.

1961 年 11 月，沙利度胺退出德国市场。

By 1961, Lenz had proven the link between thalidomide and the birth defects, and it was pulled from the shelves.

到1961年，Lenz证明了萨力多胺与先天性缺之间联系，该药下架。

What researchers didn't know at the time was that there were actually two versions of the thalidomide molecule.

那时研究员们不知道萨力多胺分子其实有两个变体。

Even though they were now aware that thalidomide was a problem, scientists still didn’t know why.

尽管他们现在到沙利度胺是个， 但科学家们仍然不知道原因。

As Kelsey reviewed and rejected each new application, news of thalidomide’s adverse side effects began to surface.

当凯尔西审查并拒绝每一项新申请时，沙利度胺不良副作用消息开始浮出水面。

Even though they were now aware that thalidomide was a problem, scientists still didn't know why.

即使他们已经到了是萨力多胺，但那时科学家仍然不清楚其中原因。

What researchers didn’t know at the time was that there were actually two versions of the thalidomide molecule.

当时研究人员不知道是沙利度胺分子实际上有两个版本。

But it turns out that thalidomide’s R enantiomer can actually switch to the S version while inside the human body.

但事实证明，沙利度胺 R 对映异构体实际上可以在人体内转换为 S 版本。

But it turns out that thalidomide's R enantiomer can actually switch to the S version while inside the human body.

但事实证明，萨力多胺中R对映体在人体内还是可以转换成S变体。

Meaning that even if they'd isolated 100% pure R thalidomide, it still wouldn't be safe for pregnant women.

这味着即使他们将R萨力多胺完全隔离出来，对孕妇而言，依旧不安全。

Merrell had expected a quick, affirmative reply so it could launch thalidomide for the holiday season, when sedative sales soar.

Merrell 曾期望得到快速、肯定答复，以便在镇静剂销量飙升假期推出沙利度胺。

In the case of thalidomide, scientists discovered that the R enantiomer helped with morning sickness, but the S enantiomer caused those severe birth defects.

在萨力多胺中，科学家发现R对映体有助于缓解晨吐，但是S对映体则会引发严重先天缺。

The pharmaceutical company Gruenenthal produced thalidomide in the 1950s and 60s to help pregnant women suffering from morning sickness. With the details, here is Mike Wooldridge.

制药公司Gruenenthal于五六十年代生产了萨立多胺来帮助孕妇免于晨吐。麦克·沃特里报道。