This is where you find the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and the mammillary bodies, which regulate things like homeostasis, alertness, and reproductive activity.
EEG machines monitoring people during these stages, have shown electrical impulses moving between the brainstem, hippocampus, thalamus, and cortex, which serve as relay stations of memory formation.
For example, Chow and his team found that genetic mutations related to stuttering are linked to structural problems in the corpus callosum and thalamus areas of the brain.
That visual information then slips through a chain of progressively complex levels as it travels from optic nerve, to the thalamus, and on to the brain’s visual cortex.
Those signals head deep into the brain, hit all kinds of structures. You know, the thalamus is one that's deep in the brain, it's like a sensory input airport.
It's got sensory input from all different parts of the body coming in. And when that sound wave, you know, hits the cranial nerve, those signals fire and light up that thalamus.
So smell is one of the earliest evolved senses in our brain, and it actually bypasses this thing called the thalamus which is responsible for kinda delegating information between different parts of the brain.
Those that experience frisson more easily may have stronger neural connections between those sensory centers that perceive music, at the auditory cortex, and thalamus, and the emotion and reward centers of the brain.
Meanwhile, signals are sent to the brainstem and thalamus, and when these decide the right moment has come, they allow the external anal sphincter to relax - and feces goes, hopefully, into the toilet bowl.
Brain regions such as the thalamus, that's involved in basic sensory processing or the medial prefrontal cortex and the posterior singular cortex, which can be involved in memory and emotion and mental imagery.
The 2nd order neuron then sends off an axon that crosses over to the opposite side of the medulla, and travels up to the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus to synapse with a 3rd order neuron.