Some are exchanged via small loops of DNA called plasmids.

一些基因会通过被称的DNA小环交换。

Additionally to the genetic material contained within the nucleoid, many bacteria contain extra chromosomal DNA molecules called plasmids.

除了包含在拟核中的遗传物外，许多细菌含有额外的DNA分子，称。

Then they dropped the plasmid into a living bacterium, or yeast.

然后他们将放入活细菌或酵母中。

However, plasmids often contain genes that confer a selective advantage to the bacterium such as resistance to antibiotics.

不过通常包含赋予细菌选择性优势的基因，例如抗生素耐药性。

These plasmids are small double-stranded DNA molecules that can exist independently of the chromosome and they can be circular or linear.

它们是双链的DNA小分子，可以独立于细菌染色体（拟核）存在，可以是环状或线状的。

The plasmid enters and multiplies itself within a cell and can then be transferred to others.

进入细胞并在细胞内繁殖， 然后可以转移到其他细胞中。

So essentially, these plasmids are the vehicles that transfer genes for antibiotic resistance between different bacterial species.

因此本上，这些是在不同细菌物种之间转移抗生素抗性基因的载体。

This plasmid mutation has been seen in other places before; in China, in animals and some human patients.

这种变以前在其他地方也见过；在中国，在动物和一些人类患者中。

Transfer of the ligated plasmid into an E. coli strain (transformation).

7。转化成功的细菌的筛选。

The cDNAs had to be linked to prokaryotic transcription and translation signals and inserted into multicopy plasmids.

然，占总蛋白30%的过量表达的蛋白是沉淀或不溶的形式并且缺少翻译后修饰。

This one had cell culture and transfections, antibodies, plasmids, recombinant virus production and infection, and so on and so forth.

这个有细胞培养和转染、抗体、、重组病毒生产和感染等等。

Plasmids have relatively few genes and their genetic information is not essential to the bacterium and cells that lack them usually function normally.

所含的基因相对较少，并且它们的基因对细菌来说并不是必须的，缺少的细胞往往也可以正常生长。

Soon after, others began using plasmid vectors and adding genes for antibiotic resistance, greatly increasing the reach of the recombinant techniques. [81]

不久之后，其他人开始使用载体并添加抗生素抗性基因，大大增加了重组技术的应用范围[81]。

But this is the first time the plasmid has been found in the United States, and it could get passed around quickly.

但这是第一次在美国发现这种，它可能会很快传播开来。

More specialized vectors have been engineered to use aspects of plasmids and bacteriophages, such as the plasmid-bacteriophage h hybrids known as cosmids

和噬菌体已经在很多种类的细菌中被使用来表达基因，并且一些噬菌体也许已经被用来将DNA整合到宿主基因组上。

Phage h can be used to clone fragments larger than plasmid vectors, and phage M13 allows cloned DNA to be isolated in single-stranded form.

更多载体被改造能同时拥有和噬菌体的一些特性，像被称粘的-噬菌体λ杂交体。

Or, in plain english, plasmids are part of the reason that, one day, antibiotics may not be able to help your strep throat anymore.

或者，用简单的英语来说，是有一天抗生素可能无法再帮助您治疗链球菌性咽喉炎的部分原因。

I did all these experiments actually, with my own hands, I was 58 years old, I was still culturing plasmids and feeding cells, so it is very unlikely.

实际上，所有这些实验都是我亲手做的，当时我 58 岁，我还在培养和喂养细胞，所以这是非常不可能的。

The cytoplasm contains ribosomes which are the site of protein synthesis, the nucleoid which contains the genetic material, and plasmids which contain genes that confer a selective advantage to the bacterium.

细胞中含有核糖体，它们是蛋白合成的部位；拟核含有遗传物以及；含有赋予细菌选择性优势的基因。

Plasmid and phage vectors have been used to express genes in a range of bacteria, and some phages may be used to incorporate DNA into the host genome.

在培养的真核细胞中，载体通常选择能感染特定生物的病毒，有些保持它们的DNA独立于宿主染色体之外，有些整合到宿主基因组上。