A small number of companies that control an industry is called an oligopoly.

少数控制一个行业的公司被称为寡头垄断。

For one thing, it remains an entrenched oligopoly.

首先，它仍然是一个根深蒂固的寡头垄断。

Oligopolies are all over the place.

寡头垄断无处不在。

Now, when few firms have a large majority of market share, it's called an oligopoly.

几家公司拥有绝大多数市场份额的情况被称为寡头垄断。

Economists like to explain oligopolies and game theory by creating something called a payoff matrix.

经济学家通过创造一种叫做收益矩阵的东西来解释寡头垄断和博弈论。

Why are we talking about the fact that groceries are unaffordable thanks to oligopoly policies?

为么我要谈论由寡头垄断政策而买不起食品这一事实？

Warren Buffett, a man who knows an oligopoly when he sees one, bought nearly $10bn-worth of airline stock in 2016.

巴菲特很现寡头垄断，2016年，他买入了价值近100亿美元的航空公司股票。

Oligopolies are markets that have high barriers to entry and are controlled by a few large companies.

寡头垄断是指准入门槛很高，并由几家大公司控制的市场。

The last type are oligopolies, and that's what we're gonna focus on today.

最后一类市场是寡头垄断，这是我今天要关注的。

A new species of big beast had reared its head: vast state-controlled oligopolies from emerging markets.

来自新兴市场的庞大国有寡头垄断企业。

Now, payoff scenarios for companies are never this transparent, but the matrix says a lot about oligopolies.

公司的收益情况从来都不是透明的，但是这个矩阵说明了寡头垄断的很多问题。

But an oligopoly of rivals is much better than a monopoly.

但是，多寡头竞争的格局，总比一家独大的垄断格局好很多。

Markets controlled by monopolies, oligopolies or cartels require a separate analysis.

由垄断、寡头或卡特尔控制的市场需要单独分析。

And sometimes companies in an oligopoly will all do the same thing, which is what happened here.

有时寡头垄断的公司都会做同样的事情，这就是这里生的情况。

Monopolies, oligopolies, and cartels also produce economic results very different from those of a free market.

垄断、寡头垄断和卡特尔也产生与自由市场截然不同的经济结果。

The steel industry was basically what economists call an oligopoly - a market with a limited number of producers.

钢铁行业基本上是经济学家所说的寡头垄断——一个生产商数量有限的市场。

In America digital markets are shifting towards oligopolies, in which second and third firms compete vigorously against the incumbent.

在美国，数字市场正进入寡头垄断的局面，第二名和第三名与现任龙头老大展开激烈竞争。

Agribusiness: This industrial model goes hand in hand with these oligopolies that control the whole food chain and make it very difficult for the farmers who want to stay independent.

农业综合企业：这种工业模式与控制整个食品链的寡头垄断紧密相连，使得希望保持独立的农民处境极为艰难。

Here, you see that this industrial model goes hand in hand with these oligopolies that control the whole food chain and make it very difficult also for the farmers who want to stay independent.

在这里，你可以看到这种工业模式与控制整个食品链的寡头垄断紧密相连， 这使得那些希望保持独立的农民也面临极大困难。

However, a small number of sellers—an " oligopoly, " as economists call it—may cooperate with one another, either explicitly or tacitly, in setting prices and so produce results similar to those of a monopoly.

然而，少数卖家——经济学家称之为“寡头垄断”——可能会在定价方面明示或默示地相互合作，从而产生类似垄断的结果。