This myelin is produced by oligodendrocytes, which are a group of cells that support neurons.

髓鞘由支持神经元的质细胞形成。

So in the central compartment, we myelinate the central nervous system nerves with oligodendrocytes.

枢 compartment ，我们用质细胞对枢神经系统神经元进行髓鞘化。

Without oligodendrocytes, there's no myelin to cover the neurons, and this leaves behind areas of scar tissue, also called plaques or sclera.

没了质细胞，也就没有保护神经元的髓鞘，还会留下痕组织（硬化）。

And in the peripheral nervous system, we don't use oligodendrocytes, we use these Schwann cells, these other cells.

周围神经系统，我们并不使用质细胞，是使用施万细胞等其他类型的细胞。

Unfortunately, though, over time as the oligodendrocytes die off the remyelination stops and the damage becomes irreversible with the loss of axons.

病情长期下去因为质细胞的死亡，髓鞘将停止再生，并且随着神经元轴索的减，这些损伤不可逆。

Early on in multiple sclerosis, the oligodendrocytes will heal and extend out new myelin to cover the neurons, which is a process called remyelination.

多发性硬化早期，质细胞可以自我修复，形成新髓鞘包裹住神经元，叫作髓鞘再生。

Those B-cells begin to make antibodies that mark the myelin sheath proteins, and then the macrophages use those antibody markers to engulf and destroy the oligodendrocytes.

那些B淋巴细胞分泌抗体，标记于髓鞘蛋白上，巨噬细胞利用抗体标志吞噬摧毁质细胞。

During a flare, T-cells cause inflammation and damage to oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system, which leaves behind scarred areas of demyelinated neurons called plaques, which causes a variety of symptoms depending on the location.

发作期间，T淋巴细胞导致炎症并损伤枢神经系统的质细胞，脱髓鞘神经元处形成瘢痕（硬化），从根据部位的不同产生不同的症状。

In other words, an autoimmune attack on the oligodendrocytes might happen, and then regulatory T cells will come in to inhibit or calm down the other immune cells, leading to a reduction in the inflammation.

换个说法，自身免疫攻击质细胞后，T调节淋巴细胞会赶到并安抚其它免疫细胞，从减轻炎症。

And this means that those myelin specific T-cells release cytokines like IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and interferon-gamma, and together dilate the blood vessels which allows more immune cells to get in, as well as directly cause damage to the oligodendrocytes.

髓鞘敏感的T淋巴细胞释放细胞因子，比如IL-1、IL-6、α-肿瘤坏死因子、γ-干扰素，一起扩张血管让更多免疫细胞进入，直接损伤质细胞。