OK, so when you have these gallstones, do they give you medicine? Do they remove them through surgery?

好，那你被确诊石以后，他有给你开药吗？还是他做手术拿石？

Well, actually pigmented gallstones are made of unconjugated bilirubin.

然而，事实上红素石是由非合红素构成的。

But usually, it came from the gallstones of a buffalo.

但通常，它来自水牛的石。

She's treating 175 cats with ailments from leukemia to kidney failure to gallstones.

她收留并照顾175只猫咪，这些猫咪有的得白血病，有的得肾衰竭或者石。

If the gallstone dislodges, the inflammation can clear up.

一旦石疏通，炎症就会消散。

They took me to the hospital and they did some tests and they said, Well, you have gallstones.

他把我送去医院，做些检查，他说，你得石。

The two leading causes of acute pancreatitis are alcohol abuse and gallstones.

引起急性胰腺炎的两个主要原是酒精滥用和石。

Almost all cases of acute cholecystitis though, about 90%, clear up after about a month and the gallstone dislodges.

但几乎所有的急性囊炎的病例，大概90%，都能够在一个月左右痊愈并排出石。

Alright, so the other type is bilirubin or pigmented gallstones.

红素石，或称色素石。

Currently in the hospital with gallstones.

现在正石住院治疗?

And while it is not directly diagnostic, you can also use ultrasound to look for offending gallstones if they are suspected.

虽然不能直接用作诊断，也可以在怀疑有石的情况下借助超声波来寻找石。

Mr. Mandela who is 94 spent 18 days in hospital in December to receive treatment for a lung infection and gallstones.

如今94岁的曼德拉去年12月入院治疗18天，进行肺部感染和石治疗。

It's possible though, that gallstones get stuck again, and then dislodge, and then get stuck again, and dislodge, and so on.

不过，石在后续还有可能再次发生类似的嵌塞和排出，周而复始。

With fewer red blood cells to deliver oxygen to your organs, hemolytic anemia can cause fatigue, shortness of breath, gallstones and jaundice.

血红细胞供氧不足，会导致溶血性贫血，全身无力，呼吸短促，心肌梗塞，脸色发黄。

I would now equate the risk of this type of surgery with having an operation to remove gallstones.

我现在会将这种手术的风险比作摘除石的手术风险。

Finally, if there is a mechanical obstruction from a gallstone, then it might require emergency surgery.

最后，如果石导致机械性梗阻，可能需要急诊手术。

Since they're made partly of calcium, they'll usually be radiopaque, meaning you can see them on x-ray, here's an example showing pigmented gallstones on x-ray.

红素石部分由钙组成，故它无法透过射线，意味着可在X光片上看到这些石，这里是一个色素石在X射线下显影的例子。

Risk factors for developing gallstones include things like female sex, obesity, pregnancy, and age, sometimes remembered by the 4 F's—female, fat, fertile, and forty.

石形成的危险素包括女性、肥胖、怀孕、年龄，记忆方法4个F。

If the other organ is the small intestine, then this is called a cholecystoenteric fistula, and the fistula becomes a direct route for gallstones to enter the bowel.

如果脏器是小肠，叫做囊小肠瘘；瘘管形成一个可以让石直接进入小肠的通道。

If the gallstone is brown pigmented, it's often a sign of gallbladder or biliary tract infection, and often the stones have even ventured outside gallbladder and into the bile ducts.

如果石是褐色的，它通常是囊或道感染的征兆，并且通常此类石有脱出囊并进入管的风险。