These include glucose, fructose, and galactose.

单的种类有葡萄、果和半。

Finally, there's the monosaccharide, galactose, known as milk sugar.

最后还有一种单叫半，常与相提并论。

There are oligosaccharides like galacto-oligosaccharides which are short chains of galactose molecules like those found in soybeans.

低聚半就是一种寡，在大豆中含量较高，是由数个半结合形的短链。

Just like that galactose has become just one more glucose molecule in the liver.

半通过这种方式变了可供肝脏利用的葡萄。

Now, lactose is a dye saccharide sugar, meaning it's composed of two simple sugar building blocks, glucose and galactose.

是一种染料，这意味着它由两个简单的块组，葡萄和半。

It’s called galactose oligosaccharide, also known as the Gal antigen.

它被称为低聚半，也称为Gal抗原。

Among these are serine and threonine residues which are O-linked glycosylated, meaning they have a sugar molecule, specifically galactose, attached to their oxygen.

其中有丝氨酸和苏氨酸残基，是o链基的，这意味着它们的氧上有一个，半居多。

A molecular mass of 180 could be either the glucose, galactose or fructose.

量为 180 的可能是葡萄、半或果。

Now, metabolism of galactose has an initial step where an enzyme in the liver converts galactose into glucose - basically flipping the orientation of the OH group on the 4th carbon.

半代谢的第一步是在肝脏中，通过酶的作用，将半转为葡萄，其实就是把半的4号碳上的-OH键调个方向。

Lactose on the other hand has a beta 1-4 glycosidic bond, meaning that carbon 1 of galactose and carbon 4 of glucose are bonded, but this time the molecules are stacked with one higher than the other.

中的苷键为β-1，4苷键，即半的1号碳与葡萄的4号碳以苷键相连，β代表了两个上下交叠，一高一低。

For example, in honey 50% of the sugar is fructose, 44% is glucose, 4% is galactose, 2% is maltose; whereas in maple syrup less than 1% of the sugar is fructose, 3% is glucose, and 96% is sucrose.

举个例，蜂蜜中含有50%的果、44%的葡萄、4%的半与2%的麦芽；而枫浆中，果的含量不到1%，葡萄仅占3%，其余的96%都是蔗。