In today's program, we will explore fricatives.

在今天的节目里，我们要探索摩擦。

Fricative are often a source of confusion for English learners.

摩擦让很多英语学习者感到困惑。

These are all fricatives, the sounds are coming out slowly and you hear this friction sound.

这些都是摩擦，声慢慢地发出你会听到摩擦声。

To be clear, fricatives mean there is a partial obstruction in the air stream.

楚地说，摩擦指的是气流有一部分被阻滞。

Affricates are made up of a stop sound followed by a fricative sound.

破擦一个爆破和后面的擦组成。

And finally, the vociceless fricative or be quiet sound, shhhhhh, present in words such as shower and push.

最后是擦“静”，出现在诸如 shower 和 push 等词中。

Another way to think of this is stop sound plus fricative sound equals affricate.

另一个思考的方法是爆破加上擦等于破擦。

Another type of consonant is a Fricative.

另一种辅是摩擦。

So fff, and vvv are fricatives.

所以 fff 和 vvv 是擦。

The English alveolar approximant, the Spanish trill, the French uvular fricative?

英国的齿槽、西班牙的颤、法国的小舌擦？

Sss, zzz are fricatives. Thh, vvv are Fricatives too.

Sss, zzz 是擦。 Thh, vvv 也是擦。

In some cases, voiceless fricatives began to be pronounced like an " f" (e.g. laugh, cough).

在某些情况下，擦开始像“f”一样发（例如笑、咳嗽）。

The rule reads: a voiced fricative is transformed into the corresponding voiceless sound when it appears before a voiceless sound.

规则如下：浊摩擦出现在之前时， 将转换为相应的。

All of such sounds are voiced and they are collectively labelled SONORANTS.The stops and fricatives, which have distinction of voicing, are collectively called OBSTRUENTS.

如果不需要区分带声性的话，只用两个词描述即可，如 [m] 是双唇鼻，[j] 是硬腭通，[h] 是声门擦。鉴于英语只有 [1] 这一个边，既可以称作齿龈边，也可以直接简称为边。在英语元符号的形式上，不同的作者曾使用不同的符号来表示。本书采用主要英语词典中的通用符号体系来转写 RP 的元 (表 2 - 2)，注意这不是直接从国际标表中复制的，而是基于国际标表的一种适用于英语发描述的变通版本。