But when a dendritic cell phagocytoses a pathogen for the first time - it's a life-changing, coming of age moment.

但当树突状细胞第一次吞噬病原体时，这会是它改变命运、走向成熟的关键时刻。

First, phagocytes trigger the immune response by sending macrophages and dendritic cells into the blood.

首先，吞噬细胞通过将巨噬细胞和树突状细胞送入血液来触发免疫反应。

My most recent paper on how a cooperative longterm potentiation can map memory sequences in dendritic branches made the cover of Neuron.

我最近撰写的论文 主题是协同性长时程增强 何以找出神经元树突的记忆序列 成功上了《神经元》杂志封面了。

In a new experiment, this dendritic cell is given a choice of four paths of different widths.

在一项新实验中，该树突细胞可以选择四种不同宽度的路径。

When dendritic cells are young and immature, they're excellent at phagocytosis, constantly eating large amounts of protein found in the interstitial fluid.

当树突状细胞还幼小且不成熟时，它们极其擅长吞噬作用，经常吞食大量组织液中的蛋白质。

Other monocytes differentiate into dendritic cells, the prototypical antigen presenting cell, which roam around in the lymph, blood, and tissue.

其他单核细胞会分化成树突状细胞，是典型的抗原呈递细胞；它们会在淋巴、血液和组织中游走。

Sometimes, if the infection is spreading, bacteria might find its own way to a lymph node without the help of the dendritic cell.

有时，如果感染扩散开来，没有了树突状细胞的消化，细菌可能会自己找到通往淋巴结的路。

Macrophages, T-helper cells, and dendritic cells are all involved in the immune response and all have CD4 molecules; therefore they can be targeted by HIV.

巨噬细胞、辅助T细胞和树突细胞都参免疫反应，且都有CD4分，它们都是HIV的攻击目标。

They form stronger connections with each other than with other neurons and they develop more dendritic spines: protrusions that help neurons talk to each other.

它们之间的联系比其他神经元更强，而且还发育出更多突触小棘，这些是帮助神经元相互交流的突起。

At this early point, during what we call acute infection, the R5 strain of HIV, which bind to the CCR5 coreceptor will get into macrophages, dendritic cells, and T cells.

早期为急性感染期，CCR5辅助受体相结合的HIV的R5嗜性毒株进入巨噬细胞、树突细胞和T细胞中。

The most common co-receptors that HIV uses are the CXCR4 co-receptor, which is found mainly on T-cells, or the CCR5 co-receptor which is found on T-cells, macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cells.

最常见的辅助受体包括主要分布在T细胞上的CXCR4辅助受体和分布于T细胞、巨噬细胞、单核细胞和树突细胞的CCR5辅助受体。

It can get picked up by a dendritic cell which is a type of immune cell that gobbles up foreign particles and presents it to a nearby lymphocyte called a T cell.

一种叫作树突状细胞的免疫介导细胞将识别和吞噬吸入的花粉，进而传递给邻近的一组淋巴细胞：T细胞。

In the lymph nodes, dendritic cells continuously sample the lymph and present antigens that they come across to the B cells which are a type of lymphocyte that can make antibodies.

在淋巴结，树突状细胞持续对淋巴取样，呈递逮到的抗原给B细胞；B细胞是一类制造抗体的淋巴细胞。

Within days, the measles virus spreads through local tissue and is picked up by dendritic cells and alveolar macrophages, and carried from that local tissue in the lungs to the local lymph nodes.

几天之内，麻疹病毒通过局部组织传播，被树突状细胞和肺泡巨噬细胞捕获，并从肺部的局部组织被带到局部淋巴结。

The dendritic cell, which is part of the innate immune system, bridges the innate and adaptive immune responses when it presents the antigen to the T cell - part of the adaptive immune system.

树突状细胞，作为固有免疫系统的一部分；在呈递抗原给T细胞时，将固有和适应性免疫反应连接了起来（是适应性免疫的一部分）。

Dendritic cells will then move through the lymph to the nearest lymph node and they'll perform antigen presentation which is where they present those amino acid chains - which are antigens - to T cells.

接着，树突状细胞会通过淋巴转移到最近的淋巴结进行抗原呈递，也就是它们把那些氨基酸链（即抗原）呈递给T细胞的地方。

A naive T cell can be activated or primed to allow it to turn into a mature T cell by any of the antigen presenting cells, but most often it's done by a dendritic cell.

一个初始T细胞可以被激活或活化，让它能转变为一个成熟T细胞；这可以通过任意抗原呈递细胞来实现，但通常是通过树突状细胞完成的。

So in a 2009 study, also in Science, researchers infected an area of the mouse's brain with a virus that increased both how readily those neurons would activate, and the number of those neuron-connecting dendritic spines.

，在 2009 年的《科学》期刊上的一项研究中，研究人员用一种病毒感染老鼠大脑的一个区域，这种病毒既增加了神经元激活的速度，也增加了连接突触小棘的神经元数量。

Next up are the monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, which are phagocytic cells - they gobble up pathogens, present antigens, and release cytokines - tiny molecules that help attract other immune cells to the area.

接着是单核细胞、巨噬细胞和树突状细胞，三者都是吞噬细胞；它们大口吃病原体，呈递抗原，并释放细胞（即帮助号召其他免疫细胞救兵来到局部的微小分）。

Around this point in the infection, immature dendritic cells digest the pathogens and move from the lung tissue over to a nearby lymph node where they present the processed antigen on an MHC II protein to a naive T cell.

在感染进行到这一阶段时，未成熟的树突状细胞会消化病原体，然后从肺组织迁移到临近的淋巴结；在这里它们处抗原至MHC II类分，并呈递给初始T细胞。