The new law replaces three previous ones over joint ventures with foreign equity, wholly foreign-owned enterprises and contractual joint ventures with foreign investment.
Proponents of HOAs will argue that they're a form of contractual or private government that can provide for the needs of residents better than traditional municipal government.
So the penalties that we apply in Miami are when private companies default on their contractual obligation, we bar them from future business with the school system.
Ecuador's state oil company has triggered a clause that exempts it from fulfilling its contractual obligations following 3 weeks of protests outside an oil field in the Amazon forest region.
Of most importance is the new law that was signed by His Highness the Emir in October 2015, abolishing the kafala system and replacing it with a contractual agreement between employer and employee.