So conodont elements quickly became one of the handiest tools in the geologist toolkit.

因此，牙形石元素很快成为地质学家工具箱中最有用的工具之一。

But meanwhile, paleontologists still had no idea what kind of animals conodonts were.

但与此同时，古生学家仍然不知道牙形石属于哪种。

So they were given the name conodont, which means " cone tooth." These elements are all verrry tiny.

所以它们被命名为牙形石，意思是“锥形牙齿”。这些元素都非常非常小。

Species like conodonts, ammonoids, crinoids and green algae suffered particularly  high extinction rates during the CPE, as did reef builders.

在卡尼期洪积事件期间， 诸如牙形石、菊石、海百合和绿藻等种受了特别高的灭绝率，珊瑚礁建造者亦未能幸免。

Thanks to these beautiful specimens, we were able to learn that conodont animals were a kind of fish after all!

感谢这些美丽的标本，我们得以了解到牙形石终究是一种鱼！

And conodonts were all of those things -- abundant, widespread, and composed of lots of distinctive species.

牙形石就是所有这些——数量丰富，分布广泛， 并且由许多独特的种组成。

But further study revealed that the conodont elements found in those fossils were actually in the animals' guts.

但进一步的研究表明，那些化石中发现的牙形石实际上是在的肠道里。

So it turned out that they weren't conodont animals; they were fossils of creatures that ate conodont animals!

原来它们并不是牙形石；它们是吃牙形石的生的化石！

In the 1970s, fossils of some vaguely fish-like creatures were found in Montana that were thought to be conodont animals.

20世纪70年代，在蒙大拿州发现了一些类似鱼类的生化石，人们认为这些是牙形石。

In fact, many subdivisions of the Paleozoic are actually defined by when certain conodont species first or last appear.

事实上，古生代的许多分期实际上就是根据某些牙形石种首次或最后一次出现的时间来定义的。

But conodont elements can do more than just that!

但牙形石元素不仅仅能做这些！

Likewise, in the Triassic Period, nearly every age is defined by the first appearance of various conodonts.

同样，在三叠纪时期，几乎每个年代都是由各种牙形石的首次出现来定义的。

But while paleontologists were spending a hundred years or so debating what conodonts were, geologists were discovering what conodonts could do.

但是， 当古生学家花了大约一百年的时间争论什么是牙形刺时，地质学家正在发现牙形刺的作用。

It turns out that conodont elements actually change color when they're heated up.

原来，牙形石元素在加热时实际上会变色。

Please allow me to introduce you to the conodonts.

请让我为您介绍一下牙形石。

Their final extinction brought an end to 300 million years of conodonts' role as a cornerstone of the world's ocean communities.

它们的最终灭绝标志着牙形石作为世界海洋生态系统基石角色的3亿年历程的终结。

Check out " The Most Useful Fossils in  the World" , to learn more about conodonts.

查看《世界上最实用的化石》，了解更多关于牙形石的知识。

Like modern lampreys and hagfish, conodonts were jawless fish, and they were one of the earliest and most successful groups of vertebrates.

像现代的七鳃鳗和盲鳗一样， 牙形石是无颌鱼类，它们是最早也是最成功的脊椎群之一。

It was only marginally more fish-like than its earlier relatives, hagfish and conodonts, with which it shared a common ancestor.

它仅比其早期的亲戚——七鳃鳗和锥齿——稍微多一点像鱼，它们共享一个共同祖先。

And the fossils also revealed that the tiny, tooth-like conodont elements were concentrated in the animal's mouth -- but also in its throat!

而且这些化石还揭示了，那些类似牙齿的牙形石元素集中在的口腔中——但也出现在它的喉咙里！