Choline wasn't officially recognized as an essential nutrient by the Institute of Medicine until 1998.

但直到1998年，胆才正式被究所认定为人体必需营养素。

Unfortunately the consequence of leaving choline out of IV nutrition was that the subjects often developed fatty liver.

不幸的是，如果静脉注射液中缺乏胆，病人往往会长出脂肪肝。

It was found in 1995 that choline deficiency results in fatty liver and that choline supplementation reverses it.

究者在1995年发现，缺乏胆会导致脂肪肝，但也可以通过补充胆来逆转。

Another brain-healthy nutrient found most abundantly in animal foods is choline, found in liver, egg yolks, beef, and oily fish.

另一种在动物性食物中含量最多的大脑有益的营养物质是胆，胆存在于肝脏、蛋黄、牛肉油性鱼类中。

The amount of choline in the diet influences how much acetylcholine is available in the brain and central nervous system.

饮食中胆的含量会影响大脑中枢神经系统中乙酰胆的含量。

And in the meantime, lecithin is a useful plant-based source of choline which can be bought as a supplement.

同时，卵磷脂是一种有用的植物性胆来源，可以作为补充剂购买。

The good news is that another compound called betaine might be able to do some of the work of choline.

好消息是，另一种叫做甜菜的化合物可能能起到胆的部分作用。

We know that choline is one of the most important nutrients.

我们知道胆是最重要的营养素之一。

And you've got choline, which is also critically important for your brain.

此外，还有胆，大脑也至关重要。

Okay, it's an active metabolite of choline.

好的，它是胆的活性代谢物。

See, I took and I have alpha GPC, choline CDP, uridine monophosphate.

你看，我有阿尔法GPC、胞磷胆、尿苷单磷酸。

90% Of adults don't consume adequate choline, which is crucially important.

90%的成年人没有摄入足够的胆，非常重要。

But what I'm getting at is like some days I'll take two caps of choline CDP.

我想说的是，有些日子我会服用两粒胆CDP胶囊。

Your body uses choline to produce a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine, which plays key roles in learning, memory, attention, motivation, and healthy sleep.

你的身体使用胆产生一种叫做乙酰胆的神经递质，它在习、记忆、注意力、动力健康睡眠中起着关键作用。

Meat is high in protein and nutrients like choline, which helps with memory, mood and muscle control.

肉类富含蛋白质胆等营养素，有助于记忆、情绪肌肉控制。

It turns out that choline chloride, a DES ingredient which specifically leaches out lithium, is an excellent absorber of microwaves.

事实证明，氯化胆（一种能专门滤出锂的 DES 成分）是一种极好的微波吸收剂。

So the other thing about TMAO to know is that certain types of gut bacteria metabolize choline and carnitine into TMAO whereas others don't.

另外需要了解的是，某些肠道菌群可将胆左旋肉代谢成氧化三甲胺，另一些肠道菌群则不能。

And then maybe you throw in something like CDP, choline or alpha GPC, and you're gonna have a really fun time, whatever you're doing with work.

然后你可能还会加入一些像CDP胆或αGPC样的东西，样不管你是在做什么工作，都会变得非常有趣。

The top source of choline in the standard American diet, and yet 90% of adults today don't consume the adequate intake for choline on a daily basis.

标准美国饮食中胆的主要来源，然而当今90%的成年人每天并没有摄入足够的胆。

Under normal conditions, cholinergic neurons in the brain, synthesize acetylcholine from acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) and choline, in a reaction catalyzed by an enzyme choline acetyltransferase (CAT).

正常情况下，大脑中的胆能神经元从乙酰辅酶A（乙酰辅酶A）胆，由胆酶催化的反应乙酰转移酶（CAT）。