In children and teens, the most common causes are Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae.

和青少年中，最常见病因是膜炎奈瑟和肺炎链球。

The major genera with the largest representation in the oral cavities include: streptococcus, prevotella, haemophilus, rothia, veillonella, neisseria, fusobacterium, and porphyromonas.

口腔中的微生物主要包括以下几个大属：链球属、普属、嗜血杆属、罗属、韦荣球属、奈瑟属、梭杆属与卟啉单胞属。

Prophylactic antibiotics can also be administered, to avoid outbreaks of bacterial meningitis like in households where individuals haven't been vaccinated against Neisseria meningitidis.

预防抗生素也可以被给药，以避免细膜炎发作，比如有家属还没有接种膜炎奈瑟疫苗的家庭中。

Having an absent or non-functional spleen means a person is susceptible to encapsulated bacteria - like Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Salmonella species - since encapsulated bacteria are normally opsonized and then phagocytized by macrophages in the spleen.

无脾或脾功能丧失使人容易感染荚膜，例如肺炎链球、流感嗜血杆、膜炎奈瑟与沙门，因为荚膜通常被脾脏中的巨噬细胞调理并吞噬。